Ist das menschliche Handeln vorbestimmt oder kann der Einzelne frei entscheiden? In Auseinandersetzung mit den Positionen von Chrysipp, Epikur und Karneades gelangt Cicero zur Auffassung, dass es für den menschlichen Willen keine von außen wirkenden und vorausgehenden Ursachen gebe, die diesen Entscheidungsprozess bestimmen. Die Mitte 44 v.Chr. begonnene und unvollendet gebliebene Schrift schließt sich unmittelbar an "De divinatione" und "De natura deorum" an.

Cicero, als der unbestrittene Meister der römischen Beredsamkeit in Theorie und Praxis, hat sich in mehreren Werken mit der Theorie der Rhetorik befasst. In seinen 'Partitiones oratoriae' stellt er die Rhetorik als System dar. Der literarischen Form nach handelt es sich um einen Dialog oder einen Katechismus in Frage und Antwort: Sohn Marcus darf seinen Vater im Urlaub anhand einer griechischen Vorlage examinieren. Über die Datierung des Werks besteht keine Übereinstimmung: Einiges spricht für seine Entstehung im Jahre 56 v. Chr., (...) vieles dafür, dass es erst zehn Jahre später niedergeschrieben wurde. Das straff gegliederte Werk gibt einen ausgezeichneten Einblick in die vielfältigen Anforderungen, denen ein Redner gerecht werden musste und auch heute noch genügen muss. (shrink)

Two simply typed term systems $\sf {PR}_1$ and $\sf {PR}_2$ are considered, both for representing algorithms computing primitive recursive functions. $\sf {PR}_1$ is based on primitive recursion, $\sf {PR}_2$ on recursion on notation. A purely syntactical method of determining the computational complexity of algorithms in $\sf {PR}_i$ , called $\mu$ -measure, is employed to uniformly integrate traditional results in subrecursion theory with resource-free characterisations of sub-elementary complexity classes. Extending the Schwichtenberg and Müller characterisation of the Grzegorczyk classes ${\mathcal{E}}_n$ for $n\ge (...) 3$ , it is shown $\mathcal{E}_{n+1} = \mathcal{R}^n_1 $ for $ n\ge 1 $, where $ \mathcal{R}^n_i$ denotes the \emph{ $n$ th modified Heinermann class} based on $\mu$ . The proof does not refer to any machine-based computation model, unlike the Schwichtenberg and Müller proofs. This is due to the notion of modified recursion lying on top of each other provided by $\mu$ . By Ritchie's result, $\mathcal{R}^1_1$ characterises the linear-space computable functions. Using the same method, a short and straightforward proof is presented, showing that $\mathcal{R}^1_2$ characterises the polynomial time computable functions. Furthermore, the classes $\mathcal{R}^n_2$ and $\mathcal{R}^n_1$ coincide at and above level 2. (shrink)

We investigate a simply typed term system ℘R ω aimed at defining partial primitive recursive functionals over arbitrary Scott domains . A hierarchy of complexity classes R n ω for functionals definable in ℘R ω is given based on a hierarchy of term classes ℘R n ωpn denoting the n th class of so-called prenormal terms . They come into play by the key observation that every term t can be transformed by what we call higher type modularization as a (...) kind of inversion of normalization into an αβη equal term t ′ having almost no structural complexity. However, it turns out that normalization of a prenormal term may increase its structural complexity with respect to the classes ℘R n ωpn , and conversely, ground type modularization being still possible may reduce it. Thus the structural complexity of a prenormal term t defined as the least n with t ϵ ℘R n ωpn depends strongly on the representation of t . We present a measure denoted μ = n rel v , ϱ for prenormal terms t to be read as t is of complexity n with valued free variables v and valued type π . It is shown that μ is stable on αβη equal terms and furthermore, μ ⩽ min {n |∃t′ ϵ ℘R n ω pn .t′ = αβη t} . Moreover, if t is in a certain μ- normal form 2, the estimate above is even true with equality, that is μ yields the structural complexity of the maximal modularization of t , clearly the best a purely structural measure can do. μ-normal forms 2 do not always exist. The counterexample we give, however, clearly shows that μ does not only take into account the structural complexity of a prenormal term but also the nature and computationl complexity of the algorithm it represents. (shrink)

We investigate a simply typed term system ℘R ω aimed at defining partial primitive recursive functionals over arbitrary Scott domains . A hierarchy of complexity classes R n ω for functionals definable in ℘R ω is given based on a hierarchy of term classes ℘R n ωpn denoting the n th class of so-called prenormal terms . They come into play by the key observation that every term t can be transformed by what we call higher type modularization as a (...) kind of inversion of normalization into an αβη equal term t ′ having almost no structural complexity. However, it turns out that normalization of a prenormal term may increase its structural complexity with respect to the classes ℘R n ωpn , and conversely, ground type modularization being still possible may reduce it. Thus the structural complexity of a prenormal term t defined as the least n with t ϵ ℘R n ωpn depends strongly on the representation of t . We present a measure denoted μ = n rel v , ϱ for prenormal terms t to be read as t is of complexity n with valued free variables v and valued type π . It is shown that μ is stable on αβη equal terms and furthermore, μ ⩽ min {n |∃t′ ϵ ℘R n ω pn .t′ = αβη t} . Moreover, if t is in a certain μ- normal form 2, the estimate above is even true with equality, that is μ yields the structural complexity of the maximal modularization of t , clearly the best a purely structural measure can do. μ-normal forms 2 do not always exist. The counterexample we give, however, clearly shows that μ does not only take into account the structural complexity of a prenormal term but also the nature and computationl complexity of the algorithm it represents. (shrink)

Th. 1. Güterlehre. -- Th. 2. Tugendlehre. -- Th. 3. Pflichtenlehre.

1. Th. Das Alterthum. 1894 -- 2. Th. Die mittlere oder die patristische und scholastische Zeit. 1898 -- 3. Th. Die Neuzeit bis zum Ende des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts. 1901 -- 4. Th. Das neunzehnte Jahrhundert. 1902.

The fact that the Odyssey and the Theogony share a number of verses in common seemed to most scholars of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries reason enough to assume that one work has influenced the other. Now that more is known about the techniques of oral poetry, which have clearly influenced the composition of both works, a greater caution is rightly shown in arguing for the priority of the one or the other on the basis of individual verses or (...) phrases, since these may in fact be formulaic and thus common property which could have been used by any poet working in that tradition. In one case, however, Odyssey 8. 166–77 and Theogony 79–93, what is common is not a single verse but two and a half lines, so that the possibility of chance occurrence of the same formulas is virtually ruled out. Quite rightly therefore few critics have doubted that here either Homer has directly influenced Hesiod or vice versa. For this reason a good deal of the argumentation for the priority of the Odyssey or of the Theogony has concentrated on an examination of Od. 8. 166–77 and Th. 79–93. However, as is usual in such cases, most of the arguments which have been adduced in favour of the priority of the one or of the other are reversible because they are based on subjective grounds such as alleged incompetent adaptation of the earlier work, which is tacitly assumed to be superior. Since these arguments have recently been discussed in detail by Heinz Neitzel in a useful survey, it will not be necessary to review them here. (shrink)

Scholar of religion Karl Kerényi’s last book, Dionysos, is a grand attempt at reinterpreting ζωη ( zoe ), the Greek concept of indestructible life, which he distinguishes from βίος (bios), finite life. In Kerényi’s view, the meaning and sensual experience of zoe was expressed in its richest form in the Cretan beginnings of the cult of Dionysos. The major characteristics of this cult, as Kerényi describes, were beyond the cultural, political, and sexual limits of the Christian interpretations of life (...) and nature. Searching for modern analogies to zoe , Kerényi explains the idea in relation to molecular biology’s minimum definition of life. Despite the fact that Kerényi’s book contains only minor references to contemporary philosophy, the philosophical consequences of his interpretations of Dionysos are not only radical but outline a notion of biopolitics far in advance of the mid- to late 20 th -century development of it. By the affirmation of indestructible life and animality , Kerényi proposes a new humanism that moves beyond the limits of Kantian anthropology and also takes a radically different perspective to that of Heidegger’s philosophy of being, or Agamben’s notion of biopolitics. According to Kerényi’s investigations, since this alternative humanism, which is based on the radical recognition of the individuality and diversity of life forms, was once possible in an earlier stage of human culture, it is possible to reanimate it in order to shape anew how zoe is understood and therefore lived. Our relation to nature can thereby undergo a Dionysian transvaluation and assign us new responsibilities as well as open up a new trajectory for the 21 st -century human. (shrink)

The article aims at reconstruction of a importance of Popper's situational logic to his analysis of an epistemological status of evolution theory. The paper consists of four parts. In the first one I present Popper's arguments on an epistemological status of Darwinism he exposed in „The Poverty of Historicism”. In the second part I put forward Popper's views on evolution theory in the 60-th. The third part aims at outlining of his idea of situational logic. And in the last part (...) of this paper I consider philosophical significance of the idea to an epistemological status of Darwinism. (shrink)

Introduction : interpreting The new science -- Synopsis of universal law -- The true and the certain : from On the one principle and one end of universal law -- A new science is essayed : from On the constancy of the jurisprudent -- On Homer and his two poems : from the dissertations -- Vico's address to his readers from a lost manuscript on jurisprudence -- Vico's reply to the false book notice : the Vici vindiciae -- Vico's "ignota (...) latebat" : on the impresa and the dipintura -- Vico's addition to the tree of the poetic sciences and his use of the muses -- Vico's reprehension of the metaphysics of René Descartes, Benedict Spinoza, and John Locke -- Appendix : Vico's writings in English translation. (shrink)

Kant's Reason develops a novel interpretation of Kant’s conception of reason and its philosophical significance, focusing on two claims. First, it argues that Kant presents a powerful model for understanding the unity of theoretical and practical reason as two manifestations of a unified capacity for theoretical and practical understanding (or “comprehension”). This model allows us to do justice to the deep commonalities between theoretical and practical rationality, without reducing either to the other. In particular, through it, we see why the (...) activities of both theoretical and practical reason are governed by a version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, while also seeing why reason is essentially autonomous. At the same time, Kant's Reason also reads Kant as presenting us with a compelling picture of the role that reason (as a capacity or power) should play in a systematic approach to foundational philosophical questions. In doing so, it argues for an account of the fundamental norms that apply to rational beings that treats as fundamental neither substantive reasons or values nor merely structural rationality, but instead a robust conception of reason as a power or capacity — namely, the capacity for theoretical and practical understanding. The result is a form of “rational constitutivism” – one which contrasts both with the forms of “reasons fundamentalism” that are currently fashionable and the forms of “agency-first constitutivism” that have dominated much of Kantian metaethics. In this sense, the aim of the book is to vindicate Kant’s insistence that his philosophy represents nothing more or less than reason’s implicit self-understanding coming to explicit and systematic self-consciousness. (shrink)

Dieses Buch ist die erfolgreichste Einführung in die Philosophie der Nachkriegszeit. Ein klassischer Text eines bedeutenden Philosophen dieses Jahrhunderts. Ausgehend von der Strittigkeit der Philosophie werden in 12 Vorträgen Grundlagen und Bedingungen des Philosophierens entfaltet. Im Anhang werden Lektürevorschläge zum eigenen philosophischen Studium gegeben. (Ec).

The basic theme of Popper's philosophy--that something can come from nothing--is related to the present situation in physical theory. Popper carries his investigation right to the center of current debate in quantum physics. He proposes an interpretation of physics--and indeed an entire cosmology--which is realist, conjectural, deductivist and objectivist, anti-positivist, and anti-instrumentalist. He stresses understanding, reminding us that our ignorance grows faster than our conjectural knowledge.

This classic remains one of Karl Popper's most wide-ranging and popular works, notable not only for its acute insight into the way scientific knowledge grows, but also for applying those insights to politics and to history.

Die frühen, erstmals 1932 aus dem Nachlaß publizierten "Ökonomisch-philosophischen Manuskripte" bieten einen Schlüsseltext für das philosophische Verständnis des Marxschen Gesamtwerks, der Antrieb und Zielpunkt seines Denkens offenlegt, also das benennt, was in den ökonomischen Analysen der späteren Zeit vorausgesetzt, aber nicht mehr ausgesprochen wird.

Popper formulates and explains his non-justificationist theory of knowledge. Science--empirical science--aims at true explanatory theories, yet it can never prove, finally establish, or justify any of its theories as true, not even if it is in fact a true theory. Science must continue to question and criticize all its theories, even those which happen to be true.

Described by the philosopher A.J. Ayer as a work of 'great originality and power', this book revolutionized contemporary thinking on science and knowledge. Ideas such as the now legendary doctrine of 'falsificationism' electrified the scientific community, influencing even working scientists, as well as post-war philosophy. This astonishing work ranks alongside The Open Society and Its Enemies as one of Popper's most enduring books and contains insights and arguments that demand to be read to this day.

This paper highlights an important distinction underlying the possibility of inquiry, between first _identifying the subject of inquiry and ultimately _explaining it: that the former can be achieved before and without the latter is a presupposition of inquiry. I believe Aristotle is keenly aware of this in _Posterior Analytics, II.8, where he shows how a scientific demonstration can "manifest" a definition. I argue that such a demonstration consists of two sorts of syllogisms, one identifying the definiendum, the other explaining it. (...) Further, this distinction is tied in crucial ways to two others: between existence and essence, and between particular and universal. (shrink)

Th is work is a companion piece to "The American Worker," Karl Kautsky's reply to Werner Sombart’s Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? (1906), first published in English in the November 2003 edition of the journal Historial Materialism. In August 1909 Kautsky wrote an article on Samuel Gompers, the president of the American Federation of Labor, on the occasion of the latter's first European tour. Th e article was not only a criticism of Gompers’s anti-socialist "pure-and-simple" (...) unionism but also part of an ongoing battle between the revolutionary wing of German Social Democracy and the German trade-union officials. In this critical English edition we provide the historical background to the document as well as an overview of the issues raised by Gompers' visit to Germany, such as the bureaucratisation and increasing conservatism of the union leadership in both Germany and the United States, the role of the General Commission of Free Trade Unions in the abandonment of Marxism by the German Social-Democratic Party and the socialists’ attitude toward institutions promoting class collaboration like the National Civic Federation. (shrink)

First published in French, Marx's The Poverty of Philosophy (1847) was composed during his years in Brussels, when he was developing his economic views and, through confrontations with the chief leaders of the working-class movement, establishing his intellectual standing. In this classic work, which laid the foundation of ideas later developed in Capital, Marx polemicized against then premier French socialist, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Proudhon wanted to unite the best features of such contraries as competition and monopoly. He hoped to save the (...) good features of economic institutions while eliminating the bad. Marx, however, declared that no equilibrium was possible between the antagonisms in any given economic system. Social structures were transient historical forms determined by the productive forces: "The handmill gives you society with the feudal lord; the stream mill, society with the industrial capitalist.". (shrink)

In diesem Aufsatz geht der Autor der Frage nach, ob und in wiefern die theologische Annahme, daß das Christusgeschehen paradigmatisch für den Begriff des Handeln Gottes ist, verständlich ist. Der Verfasser analysiert dafür die Geschichte der Leben-Jesu-Forschung und versucht die christologischen Konsequenzen der verschiedene Interpretationen für die Konstruktion eines Modells des Handeln Gottes herauszufinden. Er benützt Gedanken geschichtsphilosophischer Art um eine solche Ausdehnung der Vorstellung des Christusgeschehens zu verteidigen, daß auch andere Zeiten als das erste Jahrhundert einzuschließen sind. Damit zeigt (...) der Verfasser, daß Lessings Problem des garstigen Grabens und viele Formen der Leben-Jesu-Forschung theologisch von falschen Fragestellungen ausgehen. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie Jahrgang: 57 Heft: 1 Seiten: 138-154.

"C'est un palimpseste : une succession de textes tirés des oeuvres complètes des auteurs à peu près complets. Le choix effectué par la lecture se trouve incarné dans l'ordre de l'écriture. Et cet ordre est porteur d'un message, il véhicule une thèse, il articule une idée dont le sens ne devient transparent que par le tout. Désormais les fragments extraits des texte ne représentent que le maillons d'une unique chaîne connexe de paroles, segmentss d'un entier : le texte du Palimpseste. (...) Derrière ce choix un axiome est caché, une assertion qui stimule et justifie la composition et, en dernière instance, garantit l'existence et légitime la subsistance autonome du texte. C'est ce que, par un terme emprunté à la théorie des ensembles de Georg Cantor, on pourra appeler "axiome du choix" ou encore, en une formulation quelque peu différente mais peut-être plus adéquate pour le traitement des textes, "axiome de sélection". L'axiome du choix permet donc l'assemblage d'un texte uniquement constitué de citations. Il permet aussi de citer des textes inexistants : ce sont alors des textes écrits exprès et pour l'unique raison d'être cités.... Le parler, comme l'a fait remarquer à plusieurs reprises Platon, est une praxis et l'axiome du choix confère au sujet le privilège d'exercer la fonction de choix : de sélectionner, de découper et d'assembler en un polymère verbal des fragments hétérogènes appartenant initialement à des textes préexistants. Le choix qui a présidé et guidé la navigation dans la métagalaxie des textes préexistants relève de cette liberté : sélectionner des "Propos" concernant le "Triangle", euclidien ou non, et de les assembler en un unique lieu et dans le présent indivisible d'une unique écriture étalée sur la surface du papier.". (shrink)

First published in French, Marx's The Poverty of Philosophy (1847) was composed during his years in Brussels, when he was developing his economic views and, through confrontations with the chief leaders of the working-class movement, establishing his intellectual standing. In this classic work, which laid the foundation of ideas later developed in Capital, Marx polemicized against then premier French socialist, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Proudhon wanted to unite the best features of such contraries as competition and monopoly. He hoped to save the (...) good features of economic institutions while eliminating the bad. Marx, however, declared that no equilibrium was possible between the antagonisms in any given economic system. Social structures were transient historical forms determined by the productive forces: "The handmill gives you society with the feudal lord; the stream mill, society with the industrial capitalist.". (shrink)

Marx and Engels's Communist Manifesto has become one of the world’s most influential political tracts since its original 1848 publication. Part of the Rethinking the Western Tradition series, this edition of the Manifesto features an extensive introduction by Jeffrey C. Isaac, and essays by Vladimir Tismaneanu, Steven Lukes, Saskia Sassen, and Stephen Eric Bronner, each well known for their writing on questions central to the Manifesto and the history of Marxism. These essays address the Manifesto's historical background, its impact on (...) the development of twentieth-century Communism, its strengths and weaknesses as a form of ethical critique, and its relevance in the post-1989, post-Cold War world. This edition also includes much ancillary material, including the many Prefaces published in the lifetimes of Marx and Engels, and Engels's "Principles of Communism.". (shrink)

Karl Pfeifer attempts to present a coherent view of panentheism that eschews Pickwickian senses of “in” and aligns itself with, and builds upon, familiar diagrammed portrayals of panentheism. The account is accordingly spatial-locative and moreover accepts the proposal of R.T. Mullins that absolute space and time be regarded as attributes of God. In addition, however, it argues that a substantive parthood relation between the world and God is required. Pfeifer’s preferred version of panpsychism, viz. panintentionalism, is thrown into the (...) mix as an optional add-on. On this account, God is conceived of as a “spiritual field” whose nature can be made more intelligible by regarding “God” as having a mass-noun sense in some contexts. Pfeifer closes with the suggestion that we look to topology and mereology for further development of the position outlined in his paper. (shrink)

Marxism and philosophy [1923].--The present state of the problem of 'Marxism and philosophy' [1930].--Introduction to the Critique of the Gotha Programme [1922].--The Marxism of the First International [1924].

On its publication in 1957, _The Poverty of Historicism_ was hailed by Arthur Koestler as 'probably the only book published this year which will outlive the century.' A devastating criticism of fixed and predictable laws in history, Popper dedicated the book to all those 'who fell victim to the fascist and communist belief in Inexorable Laws of Historical Destiny.' Short and beautifully written, it has inspired generations of readers, intellectuals and policy makers. One of the most important books on the (...) social sciences since the Second World War, it is a searing insight into the ideas of this great thinker. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:The Journal of Aesthetic Education 40.4 (2006) 51-64 MuseSearchJournalsThis JournalContents[Access article in PDF]Art as Symbolic Form: Cassirer on the Educational Value of ArtThora Ilin BayerIntroductionAmong the papers that Ernst Cassirer left at his death in 1945 is a fully written out lecture labeled "Seminar of Education, March 10th, 1943," which also bears the title "The Educational Value of Art." It may have been prepared for a session of Cassirer's (...) seminar at Yale for that spring on Aesthetics: Symbolic Forms, the second half of a yearlong course. 1 The text begins with discussion of the Platonic quarrel with the poets and moves through views of various thinkers, especially Croce and Collingwood. Cassirer had planned to have a volume on art included in The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, in addition to those on Language,Mythical Thought, and The Phenomenology of Knowledge. 2 In these three volumes he often mentions the triad of language, myth, and art, but he says little of art as such.In May 1942 in a letter to Paul Schilpp, the American philosopher and editor of the volume of critical essays on Cassirer's work in the Library of Living Philosophers series, Cassirer wrote that he had intended to produce a volume on art but the disfavor (Ungunst) of the times caused him to put it off again and again. 3 The principal sources of Cassirer's aesthetics are his chapter on art in An Essay on Man 4 and two lectures on the educational value of art called "Language and Art I & II," 5 which parallel his earlier small study, Language and Myth. 6 Cassirer's conception of art as a symbolic form is derived from his conception of human culture as a systematic structure of symbolic forms that has as its main components myth and religion, language, art, history, and science (the chapter titles of the second part of An Essay on Man). In addition to these forms of culture there is a "metaphysics of symbolic forms," the subject of a fourth volume of The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, left in manuscript at his death. 7 [End Page 51]I wish to raise two questions: (1) How does Cassirer conceive of art as a symbolic form? and (2) What are the implications of his conception for a conception of the ideals of aesthetic education? My aim in pursuing these questions is not to argue for the correctness of Cassirer's views but to attempt to establish what his views in fact are. Little has been written directly on Cassirer's conception of art relative to the frequency with which his name is mentioned in general discussions of aesthetics. 8 Cassirer's conception of education is a nearly unexamined subject. 9The Platonic Quarrel: MimesisCassirer says: "Of all the problems that we have to study in a philosophy of education, the problem of the educational value of art is one of the most difficult ones." 10 He claims that this problem goes back to the beginning of philosophy itself and that at present we are still very far from a generally accepted solution. Plato's famous quarrel with the poets in the tenth book of the Republic is important not simply for an understanding of ancient aesthetics but also for philosophy's conception of itself.The basic tenets of this quarrel are well known. I wish to review them here toward the goal of suggesting an original view of it that is derivable from Cassirer's approach. The issue is whether poetry or philosophy is the means to truth. The works of Homer had scriptural status for the Greeks and were thought to contain all that was necessary for civil wisdom. Poiein is to make and compose poetry. The ancient poet is a maker of truth claims through language. The quarrel rests on the fact that the philosopher is also a maker of truth claims formulated in words. Is the relatively new figure in Plato's time of the philosophos, the friend or lover... (shrink)

Karl Jaspers war als Autor an einer moglichst breiten Wirkung gelegen, weswegen er auch einen intensiven Kontakt zu seinen Verlagen pflegte. Schon deshalb kommt den einschlagigen Briefwechseln (erhalten sind insgesamt etwa 6.000 Briefe) biographisch und werkgeschichtlich zentrale Bedeutung zu. Denn die bisher unveroffentlichten Korrespondenzen aus der Zeit zwischen 1911 und 1968 geben nicht nur wesentliche Einblicke in die Personlichkeit und das Leben von Karl Jaspers, sondern ebenso in sein Selbstverstandnis als Psychopathologe, Psychologe, Philosoph und politischer Schriftsteller. Vielfach legen (...) sie offen, wie er historische und zeitgenossische Personen, politische Ereignisse oder Konstellationen bewertete, doch bisweilen beleuchten sie umgekehrt auch das Verhalten einiger Verlage ihm gegenuber wahrend der NS-Zeit. Insbesondere aber informieren die Briefe uber seine Monographien und Aufsatze, indem sie deren Entstehung und Rezeption zu Tage treten lassen oder von mitunter muhsamen und nicht immer erfolgreichen Ubersetzungsverhandlungen berichten. Dokumentiert ist auch der Austausch uber wichtige Buchprojekte, die zu Jaspers' Lebzeiten nicht mehr realisiert wurden (etwa die Verstehende Psychologie oder die Grundsatze des Philosophierens). Der vorliegende Band enthalt u. a. Briefwechsel mit den Verlagen Artemis, Francke, de Gruyter, Les Editions de Minuit, Harper & Row, Meiner, Mohr Siebeck, Routledge, Lambert Schneider, Springer, Storm, Suhrkamp, University of Chicago Press und Yale University Press, mit den Verlegern Kurt und Helen Wolff sowie mit den Ubersetzern E.B. Ashton, Noboru Hosoo, Helene Naef, Paul A. Schilpp, Re Soupault und Jean Wahl. Die Briefe werden in Auswahl, aber jeweils vollstandig wiedergegeben. Der zweite Teilband (KJG III/8.2), der 2018 erscheinen wird, widmet sich ausschliesslich den Korrespondenzen mit Klaus Piper und dem Piper Verlag. (shrink)

First published in 1986. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

‘If in this book harsh words are spoken about some of the greatest among the intellectual leaders of mankind, my motive is not, I hope, to belittle them. It springs rather from my conviction that, if our civilization is to survive, we must break with the habit of deference to great men.’ - Karl Popper, from the Preface Written in political exile during the Second World War and first published in two volumes in 1945, Karl Popper’s _The Open (...) Society and Its Enemies _is one of the most influential books of all time. Hailed by Bertrand Russell as a ‘vigorous and profound defence of democracy’, its now legendary attack on the philosophies of Plato, Hegel and Marx exposed the dangers inherent in centrally planned political systems and through underground editions become an inspiration to lovers of freedom living under communism in Eastern Europe. Popper’s highly accessible style, his erudite and lucid explanations of the thoughts of great philosophers and the recent resurgence of totalitarian regimes around the world are just three of the reasons for the enduring popularity of _The Open Society and Its Enemies_ and why it demands to be read today and in years to come. (shrink)